home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
/
Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
/
pc
/
illusion
/
hub_fie.cxt
/
00114_Field_frep06.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1996-12-30
|
3KB
|
106 lines
ANATOMY OF THE VISUAL CORTEX
A large part of the cerebral
cortex on the right side has
been exposed under local
anesthesia for the
neurosurgical treatment of
seizures in this fully conscious
human patient. The surgeon
was Dr. William Feindel at the
Montreal Neurological
Institute. The scalp has been
opened and retracted and a
large piece of skull removed. (It
is replaced at the end of the
operation.) You can see gyri and
sulci, and the large purplish
veins and smaller, red, less
conspicuous arteries. The
overall pinkish appearance is
caused by the finer branches of
these vessels. Filling the
bottom third of the exposure is
the temporal lobe; above the
prominent, horizontally
running veins are the parietal
lobe, to the left, and frontal
lobe, to the right. At the
extreme left we see part of the
occipital lobe. This operation,
for the treatment of a particular
type of epilepsy, consists of
removing diseased brain, which
is only permissible if it does not
result in impairment of
voluntary movement or loss of
speech. To avoid this, the
neurosurgeon identifies
speech, motor, and sensory
areas by electrical stimulation,
looking for movements,
sensations related precisely to
different parts of the body, or
interference with speech. Such
tests would obviously not be
possible if the patient were not
conscious. Points that have
been stimulated have been
labeled by the tiny numbered
sterile patches of paper. For
example, stimulation of these
regions gave the following
results: (1) tingling sensation
in the left thumb; (2) tingling
in the left ring finger; (3)
tingling in the left middle and
ring finger; (4) flexion of left
fingers and wrist. The regions
labeled 8 and 13 gave more
complex memory-like
sensations typically produced
on stimulation of the temporal
lobe in certain types of
epileptic patients.
The cerebral cortex, which
almost entirely covers the
cerebral hemispheres, has the
general form of a plate whose
thickness is about 2
millimeters and whose surface
area in humans is over 1 square
foot. The total area of the
macaque monkey's cortex is
much less, probably about one-
tenth that of the human. We
have known for over a century
that this plate is subdivided
into a patchwork of many
different cortical areas; of
these, the primary visual
cortex was the first to be
distinguished from the rest by
its layered or striped
appearance in cross section--
hence its classical name,
striate cortex. At one time the
entire careers of
neuroanatomists consisted of
separating off large numbers of
cortical areas on the basis of
sometimes subtle histological
distinctions, and in one
popular numbering system the
striate cortex was assigned the
number 17. According to one of
the more recent estimates by
David Van Essen of Caltech, the
macaque monkey primary
visual cortex occupies 1200
square millimeters--a little
less than one-third the area of
a credit card. This represents
about 15 percent of the total
cortical area in the macaque,
certainly a substantial fraction
of the entire cortex.